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| The white stuff on the heads of marine iguanas is from spitting out salt. |
It was
December, the beginning of the warm season and at the cusp of the wet and really
hot. The water temperature was
already 82 degrees. (Don’t come here in February!) Following on a couple of days in Quito
we were on a 15-passenger ship that visited probably half (I lost count) of the
18 islands that make up the archipelago. Like everyone else before us, we were drawn
there because of the unique wildlife of the Galapagos. Darwin’s 1835 visit had put the place on
the map for most of us. We saw
pelicans, boobies, sea lions, iguanas, penguins, tortoises and sea turtles practically within
hours of our arrival, and crabs with the delightful name, sallylightfoot. Snorkeling and panga rides later on added sharks, rays, many varieties of fish, more sea lions.
What
interested me as much, maybe even more than the wildlife, was the cataclysmic
geology and the human history minus Darwin.
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| A suggestion in rock and tuff of the cataclysmic shaping of the land. Our ship peeks around the corner center right. |
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| The land breaks apart |
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| The new lava is only a thin layer |
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| Puerto Villamil, one of the smaller towns |
THE GOOD OLD
DAYS
Errant winds
brought the first human visitors to these volcanic islands. Until the early 1500’s the fish and
birds and reptiles had the place all to themselves. Those were probably the Golden Years. Except for the fluctuations of climate,
occasional volcanic lava flows that burnt unsuspecting iguanas to a crisp or singed
sea lions swept into hot water, life pretty much went on as it always had. Today 26,000 people live in the
Galapagos.
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| A typical beach, with pelicans, sea turtle nests in the dunes |
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| An old caldera in the highlands of Santa Cruz island |
PLUNDER
It was
publicity that put the islands on the map, literally. Ships may have been blown off course for accidental visits
in the early 1500’s or even before, but none left word of their impressions until
1535 when a ship aiming for Peru and carrying a notable, the Bishop of Panama, drifted to the islands, desperately short of water. Water was then, as now, a rare
commodity on the islands (the highlands are moist, but because the soil is so
permeable hardly any of it remains on the surface) and after exploration of
several islands water was eventually found. The significance of his visit was the letter he sent to King
Charles of Spain in which he described the islands. (“Giant tortoises,” he wrote, “with shells shaped like
riding saddles”––galapagos in Spanish.) With that, the islands had been
officially discovered. It wasn’t
long before there was a world map including “Insular de los Galapagos.”
And it
didn’t take long for commercial interests to find their way to the islands, especially Floreana because it was known to have water. By the 1700’s the Galapagos had become
a base for pirates. (As the local name Buccaneer
Cove reminds us.) By the late
1700’s and well into the 1800’s pirates were largely replaced by whalers. Herman Melville visited. A cabin boy from the Nantucket whaler Essex, source material for Moby Dick, set fire to Floreana Island in 1819 in the dry season just for fun. It burned for days, if not weeks. The first
known permanent human resident on the Galapagos was an Irish sailor who was deposited onto
Floreana Island by his whaling shipmates. Becoming virtually feral, he managed to
survive for three years by growing vegetables and trading with visiting whalers
before finally stealing an open boat and navigating the 500-plus miles to the
mainland.
In this
pre-environmentally inclined world it was all there for the taking: iguanas, birds, sea turtles,
tortoises. No creature offered
resistance. One of the amazing
characteristics of giant tortoises is not only that they live incredibly long,* but that they can survive for many months without either food or water,
inadvertently providing the ideal food storage material for ships sailing on what were often year-long voyages: Stack them in the hold and use as needed. The tortoise population, once over
250,000, never recovered. Making
things worse, whalers introduced goats, letting them loose on several of the
islands, the idea being to recover them as needed, another blow to the environment
and tortoises in particular. There
are still goats on some islands.**
A gallery of a few non-human inhabitants:
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| Sea turtle, many of which we saw busy mating |
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An endemic (only in the Galapagos) flightless cormorant
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| Galapagos pelican |
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| Young sea lions playing around in the shallows |
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| A pair of sea lions taking up all the bench space at Puerto Ayala |
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| Iguanas piling up to warm themselves in the sun. Different islands have differently colored iguanas. |
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| A so-far-unidentified starfish |
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| Seven frigate birds flew overhead above the bow of our ship for hours. |
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| Galapagos gulls at a nest, courting. We saw the male making forays to pick up small twigs to present to his mate. |
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| A Great Blue Heron. Wait! Could that be the one that migrated from our pond in September? |
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| An iconic Galapagos resident, a domed tortoise seen in a sanctuary in the highlands of Santa Cruz. |
***
A British
whaler set up a mail barrel on Floreana Island in the 1700's. That there was a need for an exchange
of mail says much about the numbers of visiting ships in that day. Anchoring ships were easily spotted
from the hills behind what is now called Post Office Bay. The barrel––replaced of course many
times since the 1700’s––is today a drop-off for tourist postcards intended to
be hand-delivered in the same spirit.
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| Adding some mail to the post office box at Post Office Bay, and taking several to deliver. |
The
nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth was no kinder to the Galapagos. Prisoners were sent there in the style of France's Devils Island. Immigration from the mainland brought
with it more building, overfishing, and introduced species like rats, cats (we saw one feral
cat), and dogs. Current invasives
include fire ants, fruit flies, and a kind of wasp.
Other
miscellaneous insults to the islands included the US Navy using a few of them as
a base to protect the Panama Canal during WWI. Around that time Ecuador, pressed for cash, tried to sell the islands. (Our guide said the
current president had expressed a similar idea, only this time the potential buyer
was China to which country Ecuador is indebted.) During WWII the US Air Force used at least one lava cone for
bombing practice. Known as
Pinnacle Rock, much of it still stands.
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| Pinnacle Rock is the pointed peak at far right. Snorkeled around it, from beach on one side to the beach on the other side. |
BROKEN DREAMS
Publicity,
beginning with the Bishop of Panama’s letter to the King of Spain, has rarely
done the Galapagos any favors. In
the early 1900’s an article appeared in a Norwegian newspaper about the fishing
potential in the islands. Over
1,000 Norwegians soon showed up in the Galapagos to make their fortunes in the
fishing industry. By the end of
their first year almost all of them had returned to Norway. Stories about other potential money-making
projects drew unsavory characters. Some attempted to grow sugar cane and exploit lichen, others to
mine guano and sulfur. For one
reason or another, all of these schemes ended in failure, even murder.
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| All endemic flowers in the Galapagos are yellow. |
We heard the
following story (and watched a documentary on board ship about it.
It happened on Floreana):
In 1929 an
article appeared in a German newspaper about the Galapagos, this “paradise” at
the far side of the world. It
attracted a couple that longed for an “Eden” where they could live apart from
the rest of the civilized world, and, interestingly, apart from their respective spouses. They were a strange pair: Ritter, a doctor with the philosophy of
Nietzsche on his mind, and Dora Strauch, his lover and devotee. Newspaper stories back in Germany of their settlement on the island of
Floreana attracted the attention of yet another family––the Wittmers, husband,
pregnant wife, and teenage son––who also felt a desire to return to
nature. So two years later they too made their way to Floreana. Alas,
they did not make good neighbors, as the initial pair had not planned on having
neighbors at all. There were severe
tensions right from the start. All too soon a truly weird addition joined Into this emotional mix:
an Austrian “baroness” (self identified as such, but possibly a dancer in
a previous life) arrived accompanied by three men, one an Ecuadorian laborer, two or perhaps all three of them her lovers.
Often brandishing a whip and a pistol she began to play a role as the self-proclaimed queen of Floreana, and announced plans for a luxury hotel for wealthy visitors. This new addition to the population brought shock waves to the two already uneasy settlements.
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| A view of Floreana. Not the most welcoming place, but it has some water, a lava tube, and now a town of about 100 or so. |
With the
baroness’ encouragement, the journalists who arrived with each passing ship elaborated on her already fanciful stories that ended up featured in the tabloid newspapers of the time. Yachters made efforts to stop at
Floreana to see the place for themselves.
But no hotel or other facilities were being built at all.
No one else came to stay, only to gawk. The
complicated relationships of the three separate parties on the island began to
grow increasingly uneasy, while simultaneously becoming intertwined. There were arguments, acts of extreme hostility, yet at the same time there was socializing, filming of one another and posing for photos. Lorenz, one of the baroness' lovers, began to align himself
with the Wittmer family, informing them that he had become a slave in the baroness' household. The Ecuadorian, meanwhile, had long since disappeared.
(Are you following this?)
One day Lorenz announced to the Wittmers that the baroness and her other
lover had announced they were leaving for Tahiti on a passing ship. No one had seen a ship, passing or otherwise. The baroness and her
lover were simply gone––disappeared. Curiously, a scream had been heard the previous night, yet no one admitted to knowing anything. In the baroness’ absence all her possessions remained, and the Wittmers soon appropriated many of them. No bodies were ever found. While all this was going on the Ritter-Strauch relationship had
been deteriorating. Unexpectedly––suddenly––Dr. Ritter was
dead. The cause was suspect: Ritter, a vegetarian, had been poisoned
by, of all things, contaminated chicken. It had been prepared by Dora. At this point Lorenz left the island in a hurry, having persuaded a captain to
take him to the mainland on his small boat, unwilling to wait for a larger vessel. Lorenz was never heard from again. Several
years later his and the captain’s desiccated bodies were found on a beach on the most remote of the Galapagos islands. Dora Strauch
eventually returned to Germany. Descendants of the Wittmer family run a guest house on
Floreana. No one now alive knows for certain
who murdered whom.
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| A young Darwin (as opposed to the old Darwin of other island statues) looks out at the harbor in San Cristobal; |
*When Darwin
left the Galapagos in 1835 he took with him three young (aged 5 or so) tortoises. Two of them died. The third tortoise ended up in a zoo in
Australia, cared for by none other than Steve Erwin, the late zany TV
zoologist. Named Harriette, the
tortoise died in 2006 at age 176.
**There was
a major goat culling in the 1990’s but not all goats have been killed. Goat
meat is less popular than it was, removing some motivation for further culling.
